ArticleBMC public health2025
Mission and money: A scoping review of social enterprise business models as a solution to sustaining health-promoting food and nutrition-based initiatives.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMost food and nutrition-based interventions are abandoned within two years of implementation due to a lack of secure long-term funding and political volatilities. Social enterprise structures are a potential solution to this problem due to their ability to generate profit and impact social outcomes. Therefore, this scoping review sought to explore what social enterprise models exist that address food and nutrition-based outcomes, and the factors that contribute to their long-term financial and operational sustainability.
methodsScoping review methodology was utilised, with cross-checking currency of the social enterprise via Google (July, 2024). Eight search engines were explored, generating 2502 publications. Twenty-eight (20 case studies, 1 cross-sectional study, 6 evaluations and 1 quasi-experimental) studies were entered into a narrative synthesis.
resultsEight different operational models from 13 countries were identified: social cooperative; employment; targeted customer service; beneficiary service; market intermediary; social partnership; trading business; and social business. The most utilised model was the targeted customer service. The average duration of the enterprises was 16.5 years, showcasing that sustainable models that continue to deliver on social impact can have longevity.
conclusionsSocial enterprises that adopt a business model from the outset are capable of generating income, whilst offering solutions to delivering on and sustaining food or nutrition-based outcomes within communities. There are several business models, though different, that have proven to have longevity. These models enable profit and social purpose to co-exist, benefiting the communities they serve.
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