Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41174493›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025

Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Southwest China, 2009-2022.

Lin Fu, Tingting Li, Jiang Long, Yu Xia, Zhourong Li, Shuang Yang, Yong Zhao, Li Qi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Lin Fu *Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing, 400707, China.
Tingting Li *Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing, 400707, China.
Jiang LongChongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing, 400707, China.
Yu XiaChongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing, 400707, China.
Zhourong LiSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 40016, China.
Shuang YangSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 40016, China.
Yong ZhaoSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 40016, China. zhaoyong@cqmu.edu.cn.
Li QiChongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing, 400707, China. qili19812012@126.com.

Funding

China Preventive Medicine Association CPMA2024CRBFKChongqing Science and Technology Bureau cstc2024ycjh-bgzxm0224
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDue to the absence of cross-protection among various enterovirus subtypes, reinfection with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is frequently observed. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of HFMD reinfection in Chongqing, southwest China.

methodsThe data for cases of HFMD in Chongqing from 2009 to 2022 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Cases of HFMD reinfection were identified through uniform definition. Descriptive epidemiology was employed to depict characteristics of HFMD reinfection cases. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing HFMD reinfection.

resultsAmong the 591,297 HFMD patients, 19,678 cases (3.33%) were classified as reinfections. The reinfection rates for males and females were 3.74% and 3.26%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ

conclusionThis study investigated the burden of HFMD reinfection in Chongqing. Male, younger age, residing in urban areas, and infection with other enteroviruses as the serotype of HFMD were associated with a higher likelihood of reinfection. It is necessary to develop targeted health education programs and intervention measures to reduce the reinfection of HFMD in susceptible individuals.

Indexed as

Hand, Foot and Mouth DiseaseReinfectionAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolChinaEnterovirusFemaleHumansInfantMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsYoung AdultEnterovirusEpidemiologyHand, foot, and mouth diseaseReinfection

Identifiers

PMID41174493
PMCPMC12577134

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.