ArticleBMC anesthesiology2025
Shoulder tip pain during and after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: Incidence, Severity, and associated factors in a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia.
Article in BMC anesthesiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundShoulder tip pain (STP) is an underrecognized complication of cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, potentially impairing maternal comfort and early neonatal care. Despite the increasing cesarean delivery rate in Ethiopia, data on the incidence and contributing factors of STP are lacking. This study aimed to assess the incidence, severity, and associated factors of STP among women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
methodsA prospective cohort study was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between June 2023 and May 2024. A total of 165 women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Data on demographics, perioperative variables, and STP characteristics were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with STP incidence and severity. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
resultsSTP occurred in 49.6% of participants, with 14.5% experiencing intraoperative and 38.8% postoperative pain. The right side was the most commonly affected (70.4%).Among those affected, 20.7% reported mild pain, 48.7% moderate pain, and 30.4% severe pain. Blood loss > 500 mL was significantly associated with STP incidence (AOR = 4.43, p = 0.001). Severity was influenced by prior cesarean history, intraoperative positioning, block height, and intra operative bleeding > 500 ml. No significant associations were found with age, BMI, gravidity, or duration of surgery.
conclusionThe incidence of shoulder tip pain during and after caesarean section is high and clinically significant in Ethiopia. The pain is frequently moderate to severe and is associated with greater intraoperative blood loss.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.