ArticleNPJ science of food2025
Evaluating the pungency perception of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. oil by facial recognition techniques and machine learning.
Article in NPJ science of food, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Leaf Rust Resistance inBiology · 2026Article
- Ultrasound - assisted sodium alginate coating pretreatment integrated with advanced drying technologies: A novel strategy to optimize drying behavior, energy consumption, physicochemical quality, and sensory attributes of Zanthoxylum bungeanum.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (ZAD) oil is a kind of popular seasoning for its unique flavor and numbing taste. Pungency is characterized as a numbing and stimulating sensation in ZAD oil. This study aimed to objectively assess ZAD oil pungency by combining sensory evaluations with facial expression analysis. The contents of four major pungency compounds, including hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-ε-sanshool, and hydroxy-γ-sanshool, were determined. Among them, the content of hydroxy -α-sanshool was 242.741 ± 18.293 mg/mL. The pungency intensity increased with higher Scoville pungency units (SPU). There was a demarcation point for the degree of preference. That is, before Sample 2 (with an SPU of 11,200), the degree of preference showed an upward trend as the numbing degree increased. After Sample 2 (with an SPU of 11,200), the degree of preference decreased as the numbing degree increased. Moreover, facial expression recognition technology was employed to collect data on 20 facial action units (AUs) from 52 participants. Subsequent correlation analysis highlighted significant AUs associated with the sensation of pungency, including AU4 (brow lowering), AU6 (cheek raising), AU7 (lid tightening), AU10 (upper lip raising), AU23 (lip tightening), AU25 (lips parting), and AU26 (jaw dropping). Furthermore, utilizing the Extra Trees model, the study achieved 75.5% accuracy in ternary and 90.4% in binary classification of pungency. SHapley Additive exPlanations methodology was applied to clarify feature contributions, enhancing model transparency. This research showed the potential of facial recognition techniques to evaluate pungent flavors of ZAD oil.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.