ArticleJournal of endocrinological investigation2026
Clinical presentation and outcomes of pituitary apoplexy in patients with PitNETs: a real world Italian multicenter study.
Article in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Current clinical care for women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome across the European reference network on rare endocrine conditions.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
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23 authors.
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Abstract
purposeTo assess the clinical presentation and the long-term outcomes of pituitary apoplexy in a large cohort of patients with PitNETs.
methodsRetrospective multicenter study, including 177 patients (median age 51 years; 111 males and 66 females) from ten Italian referral centers for PitNETs. All patients > 18 years old with a diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy based on clinical and radiological features were eligible. Clinical and biochemical assessment was performed at the time of apoplexy and after at least 12 months follow-up.
resultsAt the time of apoplexy, patients with macroadenomas had a higher frequency of headache (83% vs. 50%, p = 0.012), visual field defects (58% vs. 25%, p = 0.035) and symptoms consistent with hypopituitarism (68% vs. 33%, p = 0.024) compared to microadenomas. Men were more likely to present with central adrenal insufficiency (62% vs. 44%; p = 0.028), central hypogonadism (65% vs. 37%, p < 0.001), growth hormone deficiency (35% vs. 19%, p = 0.035) and undergo surgery (69% vs. 31%, p = 0.005). Age also influenced clinical presentation, with central adrenal insufficiency (p = 0.0021), central hypogonadism (p = 0.0045) and growth hormone deficiency (p = 0.0048) being more prevalent in older patients. In terms of outcomes, no differences were observed between patients who underwent surgery and those who did not, except for central hypothyroidism, more prevalent in surgically treated patients (63% vs. 46%, p = 0.041). Nevertheless, 70% of surgically treated patients had pre-existing central hypothyroidism at the time of apoplexy.
conclusionTumor size, male sex and age have been demonstrated to affect apoplexy clinical presentation, while the different management strategies do not impact the long-term outcomes.
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