ArticleNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026
Incensole enhances anti-tumor immunity and inhibits melanoma progression by modulating macrophage polarization and suppressing metastasis.
Article in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, has limited treatment options. This study explores incensole (Inc) and incensole acetate (IncA), diterpenes from Boswellia species, as immunomodulatory agents capable of reshaping the tumor microenvironment to suppress melanoma progression.
methodsIn vitro, Inc and IncA cytotoxicity was evaluated against SK-MEL-28 cells, HUVECs, and fibroblasts to assess tumor selectivity. SK-MEL-28 cell migration was measured to evaluate anti-metastatic potential. P53, P21, CDK2 expression, and IL-1β secretion were quantified by real-time PCR and ELISA to elucidate molecular effects. Macrophage polarization was analyzed for immunomodulation. In vivo, Inc and IncA efficacy on a B16F10 Red-FLuc model was monitored via bioluminescence, with VEGF, TNF-α, IL-6 levels and histopathology assessed. RESULTS AND
conclusionBoth compounds showed selective cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells. Inc induced p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by upregulating P21 and downregulating CDK2, while promoting M1 macrophage polarization. Both reduced M2 markers and IL-1β secretion, mitigating tumor-promoting inflammation. Migration was inhibited, with Inc outperforming IncA. In vivo, Inc significantly lowered tumor burden, metastasis, VEGF, NO, and IL-6 levels, while increasing TNF-α, immune infiltration, and apoptosis. IncA reduced IL-6 and TNF-α but had milder effects on tumor burden. Histopathology confirmed Inc's superior immune activation and tumor suppression. Inc and IncA exhibit potent anti-melanoma effects through distinct immunomodulatory and tumor-suppressive mechanisms. Inc's greater efficacy positions it as a lead candidate, while IncA's subtler effects suggest potential as an adjunct therapy. These findings warrant further investigation into their combined therapeutic potential for melanoma management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.