SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2025
The relationship between tobacco and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk. Methods: Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library up to December 2024. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to assess the association. Results: A total of 19 studies, composing 450,130 participants were included. Active smoking significantly increased NAFLD risk (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21-1.40, Conclusion: Smoking is an independent risk factor for NAFLD, particularly in individuals with metabolic dysregulation. Public health strategies targeting smoking cessation and metabolic control may mitigate NAFLD burden. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#loginpage, identifier CRD42024545970.
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Registered trials
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