ArticleHuman resources for health2025
Trends and inequalities of Human Resources for Health across 15 states/territories in Malaysia during 2010-2022.
Article in Human resources for health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Health related quality of life of patients with breast cancer in Malaysia: evidence from EQ-5D-5L and EORTC QLQ-C30.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
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Abstract
backgroundThe density and distribution of Human Resources for Health (HRH) are critical to achieving universal health coverage. We aimed to study temporal trends in HRH density and state-wise inequalities in Malaysia, 2010-2022.
methodsWe obtained state-wise data on HRH (doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, and assistant medical officers) from the Ministry of Health (MOH), and estimates of mid-year population, the human development index (HDI), and Gross National Income (GNI) from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. We estimated trends in HRH density per 10,000 population. Inequalities in HRH density were measured using absolute and relative gaps, and slope index inequality (SII) and concentration index (CI) across the states are ranked high, middle, and low. For geographic inequalities, we estimated absolute and relative dissimilarity indices and the Theil index.
resultsHRH density increased from 43.77 to 77.65 at an annual rate of change (ARC) of 4.89%. In absolute terms (SII), HRH density in states ranked by HDI and GNI was higher for doctors (9.77) and nurses (7.44), and in relative terms (CI), however, pharmacists (9.62), doctors (8.48), and dentists (6.30) had higher inequalities between the states, indicating higher concentration in higher-ranked states. To attain distributive equality across the states, about 13% of current doctors, nurses, and dentists, and 11% of pharmacists need to be redistributed.
conclusionHRH numbers and density increased across the states. Inequalities analyses showed that HRH are concentrated in higher-ranked states. Our report provides leads and directions for policymakers to achieve an equitable distribution of HRH, essential for achieving Universal Health Coverage.
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