ArticleAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2025
Reference Values for B Vitamins in Human Milk: The Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.
Article in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human-milk vitamin B-3 (niacin and vitamer) concentrations: secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of maternal nicotinamide supplementation in rural Tanzania.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant secondary to nutritional deficiency and an inadequate maternal diet.JPGN reports · 2026Article
- Choline, a nexus for neurocognitive nutrients: A narrative review.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Literature-based human milk nutrient composition values for use in North American food composition databases.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Effect of Random Multi-Donor Pooling on the Nutritional Variability in Donor Human Milk Using Computer Modeling.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Not Ensuring an Adequate Vitamin B Status in Premature Infants with Very Low Birth Weight.Nutrients · 2026Article
- The Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study: Introduction and Study Design.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Breast Milk Intake from 1 to 8.5 Months of Lactation in the Multisite Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Observational
- A Significant Step Forward in Understanding Human Milk: the Mothers, Infants, and Lactation Quality Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
This third article in the series presenting reference values (RVs) for nutrients in human milk describes the values for B vitamins. The mothers, infants, and lactation quality (MILQ) and early-MILQ studies, conducted at sites in Bangladesh, Brazil, Denmark, and The Gambia, were designed to measure human milk nutrient concentrations of well-nourished mothers during the first 8.5 mo of lactation. Applying ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze multiple B vitamins simultaneously produced RVs for vitamin B2, B3, pantothenic acid, B6, and biotin. Choline was analyzed separately by UPLC-MS/MS, vitamin B1 by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection, and vitamin B12 by competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Measured milk B-vitamin concentrations from the MILQ study were compared with those used by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for setting recommendations for nutrient requirements of infants. MILQ estimates were substantially lower (<60% of the concentrations used by the IOM) for vitamins B1, B2, and B6; 60%-100% of concentrations used by the IOM for vitamin B3, vitamin B12, and choline; and consistent or slightly (100%-125%) higher than concentrations used by the IOM for pantothenic acid and biotin. Total daily median B-vitamin intakes from 1 to 6 mo were 29%-45% of IOM adequate intakes (AIs) for vitamins B1 and B2, 60%-75% of AIs for vitamins B3, B6, B12, and choline, and 118%-128% of AIs for pantothenic acid and biotin. The MILQ B-vitamin concentrations are provided as percentile curves to enable comparison and interpretation of data from other studies.
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