ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2026
Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses to four seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines in younger and older adults.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07485855 (Comparison of Immunogenicity of Different Influenza Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Immunogenicity of Different Influenza Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antiviral CD4Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated analysis of humoral and memory B-cell responses reveals distinct immune landscapes shaped by influenza vaccine platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines varies across age groups, even in individuals with strong antibody responses. Since protection against influenza virus infection also involves cellular immunity, identifying immune markers beyond neutralizing antibodies is crucial for informing the design of next-generation vaccines. Participants were categorized by age, 28-60 and 65-85 yr, and were vaccinated with 1 of 4 influenza vaccines (Fluzone Standard-Dose [FSD], Flucelvax [FCEL], Fluzone High-Dose [FHD], or Fluad [FAD]) during the 2023-2024 influenza season. Blood samples were collected before and after vaccination and analyzed for hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), and HA-specific compartments: memory B cells (MBCs), circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells, and CD4+ T effector cells. Although all vaccines increased HAI titers, FHD, which contains 4 times more antigen content than the other vaccines, elicited superior cellular responses compared to FAD in older participants. FCEL, produced in mammalian cells, was more effective than the egg-produced FSD in younger adults. Notably, FHD triggered simultaneous ASC and cTfh1 activation in older adults, which were linked to HA-specific MBCs and long-term humoral responses. FCEL induced early and cytokine-secreting HA-specific CD4+ T cell responses in younger adults, correlating with early B cell proliferation and enhanced antibody production. These findings highlight the critical role of antigen dose and quality in inducing HA-specific cellular immunity and coordinating B and T cell activation. Synergistically engaging ASCs, cTfh, MBCs, and CD4+ T cells to enhance immunological memory and establish long-term vaccine-induced immunity should be considered in future influenza vaccine design.
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