Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41165146›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026

Efficacy of Gonadotropin Therapy to Induce Spermatogenesis and Fertility in Men with Pathologic Gonadotropin Deficiency.

Joshua V Gialouris, Ann J Conway, Amanda Idan, Sasha Savkovic, Raquel Hermosilla, Christopher A Muir, Feyrous Bacha, Ting Zhang, Wanxin Hou, Veena Jayadev and 1 more

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Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Joshua V GialourisANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2138, Australia.ORCID 0009-0000-5596-9095
Ann J ConwayANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2138, Australia.
Amanda IdanAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.
Sasha SavkovicAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-2941-3584
Raquel HermosillaAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.
Christopher A MuirAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1430-0499
Feyrous BachaAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.
Ting ZhangANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2138, Australia.
Wanxin HouANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2138, Australia.
Veena JayadevAndrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.ORCID 0009-0003-3667-2845
David J HandelsmanANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2138, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4200-7476

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextGonadotropin treatment to induce spermatogenesis for gonadotropin-deficient men is the only medically treatable cause of male infertility. However, time-dependent analyses of fertility outcomes in large cohorts are lacking. We evaluated the time to, and determinants of, fertility outcomes in men with pathologic gonadotropin-deficiency undergoing gonadotropin treatment.

methodsConsecutive infertile men (n = 99) with congenital or acquired pathologic gonadotropin deficiency were treated with urinary or recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin and FSH according to a standardized protocol between 1983 and 2024. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses examined time to prespecified sperm density thresholds and pregnancy.

resultsMen aged 35 ± 1 years with female partners 30 ± 1 years underwent 160 treatment cycles. The proportion (%) and median time (months) to achieve sperm thresholds of >0, >2, >5, >10, and >20 million (M) sperm/mL was 78% (5 months), 56% (12 months), 49% (14 months), 37% (21 months), and 24% (not determined), respectively. The major determinant of successful pregnancy was the presence of adverse fertility factors in the female partner (hazard ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.40; P < .001), with time to pregnancy also significantly increased by the presence of adverse female factors (15 vs 43 months; P < .0001). The median sperm concentration associated with partner pregnancy was 2.8 (0.2, 52.6) M/mL without and 35.4 (15.1, 52.6) M/mL with adverse female factors.

conclusionMost men with pathologic gonadotropin deficiency treated with hCG/FSH achieve sperm output and fertility within a year, with the greatest impact on fertility outcomes being detrimental female fertility factors.

Indexed as

Chorionic GonadotropinFertilityFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotropinsInfertility, MaleSpermatogenesisAdultFemaleHumansMalePregnancyPregnancy RateRetrospective StudiesTreatment OutcomeChorionic GonadotropinFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotropinsfertilitygonadotropin deficientgonadotropin treatmenthypogonadotropic hypogonadismmensperm production

Identifiers

PMID41165146
PMCPMC13099210

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.