Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41164005›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025

Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic

Mengshan Chen, Zhijie Cao, Yulu Chen, Zhihong Ren, Simin Lu, Danna Pu, Sihui Zhang, Gui Zhang, Jing Yang, Ji Pu and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. The Therapeutic Administration ofMicroorganisms · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mengshan ChenSchool of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Zhijie CaoNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Yulu ChenNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Zhihong RenNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Simin LuNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Danna PuSchool of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Sihui ZhangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Gui ZhangInfection Management Office, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
Jing YangNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Ji PuNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Jianguo XuSchool of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigates the immunoenhancing effects of the probiotic Methods: Mice were administered ZG2488 in combination with AdC68-Delta-S. Immune responses were evaluated by measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes, and transcriptomic and CIBERSORT analyses of splenic immune cells. Results: ZG2488 intervention significantly enhanced local mucosal humoral immunity in the respiratory tract (increased SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG in BALF) and systemic Th1 cellular immunity (increased IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes). Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation pathways, and pro-inflammatory pathways (IL-17/TNF/NLR/PI3K-Akt), alongside downregulation of hyperinflammation-associated pathways. CIBERSORT analysis showed that ZG2488 reshaped splenic immune cell composition, increasing memory CD4 Discussion: These findings demonstrate that L. brevis ZG2488 enhances the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine through synergistic and multi-mechanistic actions, supporting its potential as a probiotic adjuvant strategy.

Indexed as

immune cell reshapingLactobacillus brevisprobioticsSARS-CoV-2 vaccinetranscriptomic analysis

Identifiers

PMID41164005
PMCPMC12558997

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.