ArticleBrain and behavior2025
Elevated Prolactin Levels Are Associated With Increased Severity and Psychiatric Symptoms in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAutoimmune encephalitis, predominantly anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorder. Prolactin (PRL), a pro-inflammatory hormone implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis, may play a role in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, though its clinical relevance remains unclear.
methodsSerum PRL levels were compared between anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients and healthy controls (HCs). Correlations between PRL levels and disease severity were analyzed. Subgroup analyses were performed based on clinical manifestations, tumor comorbidity, ICU admission, disease severity, and MRI abnormalities. Longitudinal PRL levels and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were evaluated in 28 patients during follow-up. In addition, associations between PRL and inflammatory markers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), were investigated.
resultsAnti-NMDAR encephalitis patients exhibited significantly elevated PRL levels compared to HCs (p < 0.001), with PRL positively correlated with baseline disease severity. After a 3-month treatment period, both PRL levels and mRS scores decreased significantly (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively), and their reductions showed a positive correlation (r = 0.407, p = 0.032). PRL levels were associated with psychiatric symptoms but not with seizures, prodromal fever, speech deficits, or sleep disturbances. Furthermore, PRL abundance correlated with systemic inflammatory markers, notably NLR.
conclusionsCirculating PRL levels are significantly elevated in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and correlate with disease activity, suggesting its potential utility as a biomarker for monitoring disease progression. The pathophysiological role of PRL-whether pathogenic or protective-warrants further investigation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.