ArticleBMC ophthalmology2025
Upper eyelid predominance of meibomian gland dysfunction in postmenopausal women with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical Predictors of Surgical Management in Patients with Chronic Epiphora: A CT-DCG-Supported Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Incomplete rather than complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction Is strongly associated with meibomian gland dysfunction in postmenopausal women with PANDO: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to investigate the differential impairment of meibomian glands (MGs) in the upper and lower eyelids among postmenopausal women with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Additionally, we evaluated the correlations between MG morphological and functional parameters and clinical indicators of tear film stability.
methodsA total of 115 eyes from 115 postmenopausal women with PANDO and 115 eyes from 115 matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Upper and lower MG loss, and non-invasive tear meniscus height (NITMH) were evaluated using the Keratograph 5 M. Tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), meibum grade, and Marx' lines were all examined using a slit-lamp biomicroscope.
resultsCompared to controls, the PANDO group exhibited significantly higher MG loss scores in both the upper (p = 0.045) and lower (p = 0.036) eyelids, and worse meibum quality in the upper eyelids (p = 0.049). Marx's lines scores were significantly more severe in the PANDO group for both eyelids (upper: p < 0.001; lower: p = 0.02). Within the PANDO group, the MG loss score was significantly higher in the upper eyelid compared to the lower eyelid (p < 0.001). The meibum grade score also showed a significantly higher value in the upper eyelid relative to the lower eyelid (p = 0.045). In contrast, the Marx's lines score was significantly lower in the upper eyelid than in the lower eyelid (p = 0.032). Furthermore, the meibum grades of both the upper (p = 0.035) and lower (p = 0.001) eyelids demonstrated a negative correlation with TBUT, but no significant association was observed with CFS. However, no correlation was found between MG loss in either eyelid and TBUT or CFS.
conclusionsPostmenopausal women with PANDO show greater impairment in the upper MGs than in the lower MGs.This pattern may be a distinctive feature of ocular surface damage in this population. These findings provide new insights into PANDO-related ocular changes and may inform clinical assessment and management.
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