Additive Manufacturing of Molecular Architecture Encoded Stretchable Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels and Elastomers.

Baiqiang Huang, Myoeum Kim, Pu Zhang, Emmanuel Oduro, Daniel A Rau, Li-Heng Cai

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Highly Entangled Bottlebrush Polymer Networks.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Baiqiang HuangSoft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.

Myoeum KimSoft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.

Pu ZhangDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.

Emmanuel OduroSoft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.

Daniel A RauSoft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.

Li-Heng CaiSoft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-0566

Funding

Constructing 3D voxelated tissues with molecular architecture encoded modular biomaterials to understand and control stem cell functionR35GM154912 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA · PI Liheng Cai · 2024 to 2026

$1.2M

Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory DE-SC0012704National Science Foundation DMR-1944625 DMR-2512794NIGMS NIH HHS 1R35GM154912NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM154912Virginia Innovation Partnership Corporation CCF24-0268-HE

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) networks are widely used in biomedical applications and are emerging as solid-state polymer electrolytes for next-generation lithium batteries. Leveraging additive manufacturing technologies, such as digital light processing (DLP), PEG networks can be transformed into micro-architected metals and functional biomimetic vascular networks. However, developing stretchable PEG networks, let alone making them 3D printable, remains a fundamental challenge. Here, DLP printable, highly stretchable foldable bottlebrush PEG networks are reported. These networks are formed by rapid photopolymerization of low-cost commercial chemicals in ambient air. The bottlebrush architecture enables high molecular weight PEG network strands that do not crystallize and remain elastic without solvents at room temperature. Upon large deformation, the folded bottlebrush backbone unfolds to release stored length to enable extreme stretchability. The resulting hydrogels and elastomers exhibit tissue-like moduli ranging from ≈1 to ≈100 kPa and tensile breaking strains up to 1500%. The applications of bottlebrush PEG networks are demonstrated as matrices for highly stretchable and conductive solvent-free polymer electrolytes at room temperature (≈900% strain and 1.2 mS cm

Indexed as

additive manufacturingbottlebrushpolyethylene glycolsolid‐state polymer electrolytesstretchable networks

Identifiers

PMID41158110

DOI10.1002/adma.202512806

PMCPMC12983428

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.