Observational studyViruses2025
Baseline Dysregulation in B, T, and NK Cells in COVID-19 Predicts Increased Late Mortality but Not Long-COVID Symptoms: Results from a Single-Center Observational Study.
Observational study in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID.Biomedicines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presents a broad clinical spectrum from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory failure with high mortality. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by immune dysregulation, including lymphopenia and alterations in the counts of T, B, and NK cells in peripheral blood. Due to the limited data on long-term outcomes related to immune dysregulation, we aimed to analyze immunologic features at baseline in severe and mild COVID-19 cases and assess follow-up characteristics associated with later mortality and long-COVID signs. We included adult patients consecutively hospitalized with COVID-19 between June and November 2020 at the University Hospital in Kraków, corresponding to the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Poland. We enrolled only those who had been thoroughly assessed in terms of clinic and laboratory data, including immunological workups, and survived the acute phase of the disease. In 2025, between February and April (median time of follow-up: 54 months), we conducted a telephone questionnaire on long-COVID symptoms among survivors who had given their consent. Statistical analyses were performed to compare groups with severe and mild disease in terms of dysregulation in lymphocyte subpopulations and the follow-up outcomes. The study included 103 COVID-19 patients, comprising 53 severe (based on the need for at least high-flow nasal oxygen therapy) and 50 mild cases, with no differences in age, sex, and body mass index. Severe COVID-19 patients compared to mild cases had lower CD3+ T cells (count and percentage), CD4+ T cells (count and percentage), CD8+ T cells (count), and NK cells (count), but higher CD19+ B cells (percentage) at baseline (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.