PPG-Net 4: Deep-Learning-Based Approach for Classification of Blood Flow Using Non-Invasive Dual Photoplethysmography (PPG) Signals.

Cardiovascular disease diagnosis heavily relies on accurate blood flow assessments, traditionally performed using invasive and often uncomfortable methods like catheterization. This research introduces PPG-Net 4, an innovative deep learning approach for non-invasive blood flow pattern classification using dual photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. By leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, the proposed method addresses critical limitations in current diagnostic technologies. The study employed a novel dual-sensor arrangement capturing PPG signals from two body locations, generating a comprehensive dataset from 75 participants. Advanced signal processing techniques, including mel spectrogram generation and mel-frequency cepstral coefficient extraction, enabled sophisticated feature representation. The deep learning model, PPG-Net 4, demonstrated good capability at classifying the following five distinct blood flow patterns: laminar, turbulent, stagnant, pulsatile, and oscillatory. The experimental results revealed strong classification performance, with F1-scores ranging from 0.86 to 0.92 across different flow patterns. The highest accuracy was observed for pulsatile flow (F1-score: 0.92), underscoring the model's precision and reliability. This approach not only provides a non-invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic methods but also offers a potentially useful technique for early cardiovascular disease detection and continuous monitoring.