VR Human-Centric Winter Lane Detection: Performance and Driving Experience Evaluation.

Driving in snowy conditions challenges both human drivers and autonomous systems. Snowfall and ice accumulation impair vehicle control and affect driver perception and performance. Road markings are often obscured, forcing drivers to rely on intuition and memory to stay in their lane, which can lead to encroachment into adjacent lanes or sidewalks. Current lane detectors assist in lane keeping, but their performance is compromised by visual disturbances such as ice reflection, snowflake movement, fog, and snow cover. Furthermore, testing these systems with users on actual snowy roads involves risks to driver safety, equipment integrity, and ethical compliance. This study presents a low-cost virtual reality simulation for evaluating winter lane detection in controlled and safe conditions from a human-in-the-loop perspective. Participants drove in a simulated snowy scenario with and without the detector while quantitative and qualitative variables were monitored. Results showed a 49.9% reduction in unintentional lane departures with the detector and significantly improved user experience, as measured by the UEQ-S (