ArticleMicroorganisms2025
Continuous Circulation of Hepatitis E and A Viruses During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns in Munich, Germany-Experience from Three Years of Wastewater Surveillance.
Jasmin Javanmardi, Mathias Schemmerer, Karina Wallrafen-Sam, Jessica Neusser, Raquel Rubio-Acero, Michael Hoelscher, Thomas Kletke, Bernhard Boehm, Michael Schneider, Elisabeth Waldeck and 6 more
Abstract read
In one paragraphArticle in Microorganisms, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
2 · The registryThe trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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3 · Its place in the literatureWho cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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4 · The recordCorrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
16 authors.
Jasmin JavanmardiInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0009-0002-8616-4825 Mathias SchemmererNational Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3782-8226 Karina Wallrafen-SamLife & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn Center for Mathematical Life Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0009-0005-4157-8882 Jessica NeusserInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
Raquel Rubio-AceroInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
Michael HoelscherInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7642-1835 Thomas KletkeMunich Metropolitan Sewer Authority (MSE), 81671 Munich, Germany.
Bernhard BoehmMunich Metropolitan Sewer Authority (MSE), 81671 Munich, Germany.
Michael SchneiderMunich Metropolitan Sewer Authority (MSE), 81671 Munich, Germany.
Elisabeth WaldeckPublic Health Department Munich (GSR), 80335 Munich, Germany.
Martin HochTask Force for Infectious Diseases (GI-TFI), State Institute for Health II, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), 80636 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4854-3269 Merle M BöhmerTask Force for Infectious Diseases (GI-TFI), State Institute for Health II, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), 80636 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2672-7481 Christof GeldmacherInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
Jan HasenauerLife & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn Center for Mathematical Life Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4935-3312 Jürgen J WenzelNational Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-8422-6581 Andreas WieserInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
Funding
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt 031L0297EFederal Ministry of Health 1369-386
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a reliable and cost-effective framework for monitoring the spread of microbes. However, WBE frameworks have rarely been applied to the study of fecal-oral transmissible diseases, except for poliomyelitis. Here, we investigated the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wastewater in Munich. We collected wastewater samples between July 2020 and November 2023. A total of 186 samples were processed using centrifugation and analyzed for HAV- and HEV-RNA using RT-qPCR. As a reference, we used notification data from clinically or laboratory-diagnosed hepatitis A and E cases. Lockdown stringency levels were derived from official documentation. Our results show that 87.6% of wastewater samples were positive for HEV at concentrations of 9.0 × 10
Indexed as
correlationhepatitis Ahepatitis Elockdownnatural experimentorthohepevirus Aorthohepevirus Esewagetransmission
Identifiers
PMID41156838
PMCPMC12566045
What OpenQuestion holds
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LicenceCC BY
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