SynthesisPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Toxoplasmosis in the Era of Targeted Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of Emerging Cases Linked to Biologics and Small Molecules in Autoimmune Diseases, Oncology and Transplantation.
Synthesis in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Hidden Risk of Toxoplasmosis in the Expanding Immunomodulated Host Population: A Call for Guidelines and Registries in Patients on Biologics, Small Molecules, and Cellular Therapies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Toxoplasmosis Beyond Transplantation: Diagnostic and Prevention Challenges in a Patient Receiving Targeted Immunomodulators.Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A systematic review of toxoplasmosis cases in patients receiving targeted immunotherapy with biologics or small molecules was performed. This systematic review searched for case reports, case series and observational studies in PubMed; last search was on 19 July 2025. The review identified 46 toxoplasmosis cases among patients receiving biologics (including CAR T-Cell Therapies) or small molecules for diverse autoimmune, oncologic and transplant conditions. These cases were reported from 18 countries, including the United States and several European countries. Most patients developed severe disease. Fifty percent (23/46) presented with cerebral toxoplasmosis, 33% (15/46) with ocular toxoplasmosis, 7% (3/46) with lymphadenopathy, 4% (2/46) with disseminated disease, 2% (1/46) with both cerebral and ocular disease, 2% (1/46) with pneumonic toxoplasmosis, and 2% (1/46) with severe fetal congenital toxoplasmosis. Among those were also four cases with fatal outcomes due to toxoplasmosis and eight cases with permanent ocular or neurological deficits. In addition, there was a case of fetal congenital toxoplasmosis that occurred despite maternal discontinuation of adalimumab five months before conception, resulting in elective pregnancy termination due to severe fetal cerebral disease. Overall, 44% (20/46) of cases were due to reactivation of chronic latent
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Registered trials
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