ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Surveillance and Management Strategies for African Swine Fever (ASF) in Central Luzon, Philippines.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and Evaluation of Three Indirect ELISA Methods Based on Novel Recombinant ASFV Antigens for Serological Detection of African Swine Fever.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Quantifying ASF Outbreak Dynamics in the Philippines (2019-2023) Using Joinpoint Regression and the Estimated Dissemination Ratio.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Current Insights into the Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus and Future Control Perspectives.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) remains a major threat to swine production in Central Luzon, Philippines. This study assessed ASF detection and farm-level risk factors in Central Luzon using a risk-based surveillance framework. Pooled blood samples from five pigs per farm were collected in 277 farms across seven provinces and tested by real-time PCR. The analysis yielded an apparent farm-level prevalence of 26.7% (95% CI: 21.6-32.3), defined by one pooled 5-pig blood sample per farm. However, these values reflect risk-based surveillance outcomes rather than population-representative prevalence. Detection varied by province, with high rates in Bataan (80.5%) and Nueva Ecija (55.0%), moderate detection in Zambales (24.3%), lower detection in Pampanga (5.0%) and Tarlac (20.0%), and no positives in Aurora or Bulacan. Survey data were available for 201 farms. Firth-penalized logistic regression identified the absence of perimeter fencing as the only statistically significant predictor of ASFV detection. Veterinary oversight and consultancy showed protective but non-significant trends. These results highlight structural and professional biosecurity gaps, emphasizing the need for expanded veterinary outreach, fencing support, and training to mitigate ASF risk in smallholder-dominated production systems.
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Registered trials
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