ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2025
IL-1β and HMGB1 in Epileptogenesis: Recent Advances and Clinical Translation.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune dysregulation and epileptogenesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.Biomolecules · 2026Observational
- Energy Homeostasis Disruption in Neurological Disorders: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, High-Energy Phosphate Transfer, and Extracellular ATP-Dependent Purinergic Dysregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From insult to hyperexcitability: pharmacological targeting of MyD88 and JAK/STAT3 pathways in epilepsy.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Formononetin attenuates neuroinflammation and confers neuroprotection in a pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model of epilepsy in mice.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Design, Docking, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Pyrazolone Derivatives as Potential Dual-Action Antimicrobial and Antiepileptic Agents.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- IntestinalFrontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent and disabling neurological disorders, affecting approximately one percent of the population. Due to the complex pathophysiology underlying drug-resistant epilepsy, nearly one-third of patients with epilepsy do not benefit from current treatments. Neuroinflammation is one of the most well-studied pathways in epileptogenesis, and inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in this process. The IL-1β/IL-1R1/IL-1Ra and HMGB1/TLR4 pathways play significant roles in epileptogenesis in both animal and human studies. Interventional investigations on the IL-1β/IL-1R1/IL-1Ra and HMGB1/TLR4 pathways showed antiseizure effects, suggesting that these pathways could be therapeutic targets for epilepsy. However, related targeted treatments are limited in clinical practice. In this work, we evaluated the advances of the IL-1β/IL-1R1/IL-1Ra and HMGB1/TLR4 pathways in epileptogenesis, as well as clinical trials or interventional investigations of current medications or substances targeting these pathways. To facilitate clinical translation, we highlighted the gap between research advancements and clinical practice and presented several strategies for closing the gap to fulfill the urgent requirements of patients with epilepsy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.