Methodological Pitfalls of Monitoring: Water Conditions Affect the Efficiency of Bottle Traps and Capture Success.

Wetland diversity and associated wildlife is declining globally. The Szaporca Old-Drava oxbow, one of Hungary's first wetlands designated under the Ramsar Convention, has been threatened by desiccation, prompting the implementation of water replenishment interventions. This study aimed to determine which aquatic vertebrate species can be detected using bottle traps in the oxbow and whether the traps' efficiency and capture success change following hydrological restoration. Our results showed that the relative frequency of smooth newts caught with bottle traps was 10%, while that of other amphibians (Danube crested newt, common spadefoot toad, edible frog) and fish (European weather loach, European mudminnow, Danube whitefin gudgeon) species did not even reach 1%. Based solely on the relative frequency data of the smooth newt, we found that both the capture efficiency (10.4% vs. 3%) and capture success (17% vs. 7.4%) of bottle traps significantly declined following an increase in water volume in the oxbow. Sex ratio patterns also shifted markedly: in the year of water scarcity, the male-to-female ratio of smooth newt was 2.7:1, whereas during water-abundant conditions it increased to 7:1. Water replenishment raised the water level by nearly one meter, resulting in the partial inundation of terrestrial vegetation and consequent habitat alterations. While water supplementation clearly supports the persistence of rare, protected, strictly protected and endemic aquatic species, our findings highlight the importance of considering hydrological conditions when interpreting the results of long-term monitoring in wetland ecosystems.