Proteomic Changes in the Cytoplasmatic Fraction of Weaned Piglets' Liver and Kidney Under Antioxidant and Mycotoxin Diets.

Mycotoxin contamination represents a major risk to both human and animal health. Antioxidants can mitigate some of these effects through free radical scavenging, reduction in oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. This work investigated the potential of antioxidants derived from grapeseed and sea buckthorn to mitigate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in weaned piglets. An unbiased Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) proteomic approach was used to analyse the impact of OTA- and AFB1-contaminated diets on liver and kidney cytoplasmic metabolism, particularly focusing on the conjugation phase. Our results indicate that several toxic effects of these mycotoxins were partially alleviated by dietary antioxidant supplementation. Additionally, in kidneys, some of the effects are synergistically amplified, such as proteins involved in fatty acid degradation, peroxisome, PPAR signalling, translation, the TCA cycle, and excretion pathways. Inclusion of antioxidants in the animal diet can have beneficial effects. Nevertheless, caution is advised; synergistic effects can occur with potentially more serious consequences than the effects of mycotoxins alone.