ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2025
A Predictive and Adaptive Virtual Exposure Framework for Spider Fear: A Multimodal VR-Based Behavioral Intervention.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Virtual Reality in Mental Health Care: A Scoping Review of Evidence, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure therapy is an established intervention for treating specific phobias. This study evaluates a Virtual Exposure Therapist (VET), a virtual reality (VR)-based system enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI), designed to reduce spider fear symptoms.
methodsThe VET system delivers three progressive exposure scenarios involving interactive 3D spider models and features an adaptive relaxation mode triggered when physiological stress exceeds preset thresholds. AI integration is rule-based, enabling real-time adjustments based on session duration, head movement (degrees/s), and average heart rate (bpm). Fifty-five participants (aged 18-35) with self-reported moderate to high fear of spiders completed seven sessions using the VET system. Participants were not clinically diagnosed, which limits the generalizability of findings to clinical populations. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured. Behavioral responses were analyzed using AR(p)-GARCH (1,1) models to account for intra-session volatility in anxiety-related indicators. The presence of ARCH effects was confirmed through the Lagrange Multiplier test, validating the model choice.
resultsResults demonstrated a 21.4% reduction in completion time and a 16.7% decrease in average heart rate across sessions. Head movement variability declined, indicating increased user composure. These changes suggest a trend toward reduced phobic response over repeated exposures.
conclusionsWhile findings support the potential of AI-assisted VR exposure therapy, they remain preliminary due to the non-clinical sample and absence of a control group. Findings indicate expected symptom improvement across sessions; additionally, within-session volatility metrics (persistence/half-life) provided incremental predictive information about later change beyond session means, with results replicated using simple volatility proxies. These process measures are offered as complements to standard analyses, not replacements.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.