Infants Do Not Reliably Track When Bilingual Speakers Switch Languages.

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Bilingual Families Align Their Languages During Naturalistic Interactions: Evidence from Two Bilingual Communities.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Christine E PotterDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9580-3919

Casey Lew-WilliamsDepartment of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8781-4458

Funding

Navigating two languages: Effects of everyday language switching on bilingual infants and toddlersR01HD095912 · NICHD · PRINCETON UNIVERSITY · PI BYERS-HEINLEIN, KRISTA, LEW-WILLIAMS, CASEY · 2019 to 2023

$1.9M

Early Bilingual Language Learning in Multi-Speaker EnvironmentsF32HD093139 · NICHD · PRINCETON UNIVERSITY · PI POTTER, CHRISTINE · 2018 to 2020

$163k

James S. McDonnell Foundation https://doi.org/10.37717/2021-3135NICHD NIH HHS F32 HD093139NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD095912NICHD NIH HHS R01HD095912NIH HHS 1F32HD093139-18Overdeck Education Research Innovation Fund

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

It is a widely held belief that bilingual infants benefit from hearing each of their languages spoken by different people, as speakers could serve as a cue for separating the two languages. However, it is not yet known whether infants reliably attend to speaker-specific language use. In four experiments using looking time measures, we asked whether monolingual and bilingual infants in the U.S. could learn pairings between speakers and languages. Infants were first familiarized with two speakers, each using a different language. Then, after infants habituated, the two speakers switched languages, and we measured whether infants showed increased interest in hearing the speakers use a different language. Across all four studies, infants did not show reliable evidence that they detected a change in the language used by individual speakers, suggesting that speaker-language associations may not be a salient source of information for infants.

Indexed as

bilingualisminfant looking timelanguage switching

Identifiers

PMID41153216

DOI10.3390/bs15101427

PMCPMC12561657

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.