ArticleClinical and experimental nephrology2026
Cigarette smoking and the development of persistent proteinuria in middle-aged Japanese men: the Kansai Healthcare Study.
Article in Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Iron Balance and Cardiovascular Health: The Double-Edged Role of Deficiency and Overload.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Low -25 and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis: contextualizing the hepcidin paradox.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Article
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11 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundProteinuria is often assessed by a single measurement, but persistent proteinuria has seldom been studied. Therefore, we investigated its association with cigarette smoking.
methodsWe prospectively followed 9,220 middle-aged Japanese men without renal dysfunction, proteinuria, diabetes, antihypertensive treatment, or cancer at baseline. Smoking status, daily cigarette consumption, and pack-years were assessed by questionnaire. Participants were grouped as nonsmokers, past smokers, or current smokers. Current smokers were classified by daily consumption (1-20 or ≥ 21) and cumulative exposure (0.1-40.0 or ≥ 40.1 pack-years). Persistent proteinuria was defined as proteinuria detected at ≥ 3 consecutive annual examinations. We used Cox proportional hazards models.
resultsThere were 1972 nonsmokers, 2007 past smokers, and 5241 current smokers. During the 11-year follow-up, persistent proteinuria developed in 181 participants (28, 30, and 123 in each group), corresponding to incidence rates of 1.6, 1.7, and 2.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. In multivariate models, current smoking, daily cigarette consumption, and cumulative smoking consumption were significantly associated with the risk of persistent proteinuria, compared with nonsmoking. For daily cigarette consumption, multiple-adjusted HRs of persistent proteinuria for those who smoked 1-20, and ≥ 21 cigarettes per day were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.01-2.50), and 1.83 (1.15-2.91), respectively (P for trend = 0.011). For cumulative smoking exposure, the corresponding HRs for those with a pack-year of 0.1- 40.0, and ≥ 40.1 were 1.56 (1.00 -2.41), and 2.09 (1.26 -3.45), respectively (P for trend = 0.003).
conclusionsIn middle-aged Japanese men, cigarette smoking was associated with persistent proteinuria, and the risk rose with daily and cumulative smoking.
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