Spatial analysis and health implications of micro rubber and vanadium in urban street dust in Northwest of Iran.

Urbanization and increasing vehicular traffic have led to significant environmental challenges, with street dust being a major contributor to urban pollution. This study investigates the distribution and characteristics of micro-rubber (MRs) particles and vanadium contamination in the street dust of Urmia, Iran. Street dust samples were collected from 30 sites across the city, and analyzed for MRs particle counts and vanadium concentrations. Results showed a wide variation in MRs concentrations, with particle sizes predominantly under 100 μm. The concentration of vanadium ranged from 25 to 44 mg/kg, suggesting a geogenic origin with minimal anthropogenic enrichment. Spatial analysis revealed hotspots of pollution in areas with heavy traffic and near fueling stations. The study highlights the potential health risks associated with long-term exposure to MRs particles and vanadium, particularly in urban areas with high traffic densities. The study calls for enhanced monitoring, targeted interventions to reduce pollution in high-risk areas, and further research to refine exposure estimates and evaluate long-term health impacts.