Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41152250›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Experimental realization of temporal refraction and reflection in elastic beams.

Shaoyun Wang, Nan Shao, Hui Chen, Jiaji Chen, Honghua Qian, Qian Wu, Huiling Duan, Andrea Alú, Guoliang Huang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shaoyun Wang *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Nan Shao *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Hui ChenCenter for Mechanics Plus under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-2920
Jiaji ChenDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Honghua QianDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Qian WuDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Huiling DuanDepartment of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P R China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1478-5649
Andrea AlúPhotonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. aalu@gc.cuny.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-5274
Guoliang HuangDepartment of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P R China. guohuang@pku.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6238-6127

Funding

United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research) AF 9550-18-1-0342United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research) AF 9550-20-1-0279
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wave reflection and refraction at a time interface follow different conservation laws compared to conventional scattering at a spatial interface. This study presents the experimental demonstration of refraction and reflection of flexural waves across a temporal boundary in a continuum-based mechanical metabeam, and unveils opportunities that emerge by tailoring temporal scattering phenomena for phononic applications. We observe these phenomena in an elastic beam attached to an array of piezoelectric patches that can vary in time the effective elastic properties of the beam. Frequency conversion and phase conjugation are observed upon a single temporal interface. These results are consistent with the temporal Snell's law and Fresnel equations for temporal interfaces. Further, we illustrate the manipulation of amplitude and frequency spectra of flexural wave temporal refraction and reflection through multi-stepped temporal interfaces. Finally, by implementing a smooth time variation of wave impedance, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate the capabilities of the temporal metabeam to realize waveform morphing and information coding. Our findings enable precise control over wave amplitude and frequency through temporally modulated mechanical systems, providing a concrete framework for designing time-mechanical metamaterials and time-phononic crystals.

Identifiers

PMID41152250
PMCPMC12568997

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.