Observational studyBMJ open2025
Gender and age differences in hand disinfection behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: field data from Swiss retail stores.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo inform about behavioural gender and age differences in compliance with hand hygiene recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland.
designObservational study (24-25 June and 1-3 July 2020); validation study (4 December 2020); gender and age group estimated by observers.
settingObservations occurred in five supermarkets.
participantsAll customers entering the supermarkets during a 3-hour period per day (n=8245 main study) and during 1 day (n=1918 validation study).
main outcome measuresWe observed whether people disinfected their hands.
resultsThe study reveals considerable differences with respect to gender and age: For women, 58.7% (95% CI 57.3 to 60.0%) were disinfecting their hands vs 50.4% (95% CI 48.6 to 52.2%) of men. With respect to age, we identified a steep increase across age groups up to the age of 60 years and older with 35.5% (95% CI 30.7 to 40.5%) of youth (12-17 yrs) disinfecting their hands, 50.5% (95% CI 49.1 to 51.9%) of adults (18-59 yrs) vs 69.0% (95% CI 67.1 to 70.9%) of the golden age group (60-74 yrs) and 67.2% (95% CI 61.1 to 72.9%) of people older than 75 years. The validation study confirmed these differences.
conclusionsThe study documents substantial differences in hand hygiene compliance between gender and age groups. This should be considered in the design of protective measures to ensure clean and safe hands.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.