ArticleJournal of movement disorders2026
Optimal Stimulation Sites and Long-Term Efficacy of Pallidal Deep-Brain Stimulation for Patients With Tardive Dystonia.
Article in Journal of movement disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- How Do Oral Medications, Botulinum Toxin Use, and Treatment Burden Change after Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Prolonged Tardive Dyskinesia Induced by Long-Acting Paliperidone Palmitate in Schizophrenia: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveGlobus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) is an established treatment for dystonia, but its specific efficacy for tardive dystonia (TD) remains insufficiently documented. To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of GPi-DBS and to identify optimal stimulation sites in patients with medically refractory TD.
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from 26 patients with TD who underwent bilateral GPi-DBS. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). Optimal stimulation sites were identified using voxelwise sweet spot analysis.
resultsAt an average follow-up time of 42 months (range 12-4 months), the mean BFMDRS score improvement was 81.5%. The optimal stimulation sites were located in the posteroventral region of the GPi. Two patients experienced sustained symptom remission after DBS cessation. Complications included device-related infection (n=2), dysarthria (n=4), and gait imbalance (n= 1); no severe permanent complications occurred.
conclusionGPi-DBS is effective and safe for patients with medically refractory TD, providing significant long-term symptom relief. The optimal stimulation sites were located in the posteroventral GPi, which is consistent with those reported for patients with other dystonia types.
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