Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41151584›Full record

ArticleCell genomics2026

The human IG heavy chain constant gene locus is enriched for large structural variants and coding polymorphisms that vary among human populations.

Uddalok Jana, Oscar L Rodriguez, William Lees, Eric Engelbrecht, Zach Vanwinkle, Ayelet Peres, William S Gibson, Kaitlyn Shields, Steven Schultze, Abdullah Dorgham and 7 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Challenges and future directions of AIRR-seq-based diagnostics.Immunoinformatics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Uddalok JanaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Oscar L RodriguezDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
William LeesDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Eric EngelbrechtDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Zach VanwinkleDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Ayelet PeresDepartment of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
William S GibsonDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kaitlyn ShieldsDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Steven SchultzeDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Abdullah DorghamDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
Matthew EmeryDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Gintaras DeikusDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Robert SebraDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Evan E EichlerDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gur YaariDepartment of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Melissa L SmithDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: ml.smith@louisville.edu.
Corey T WatsonDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: corey.watson@louisville.edu.

Funding

An ethnically diverse genomic reference resource for the human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin lociR24AI138963 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · PI Melissa Laird Smith, Corey Taylor Watson · 2018 to 2026
$5.5M
Sequence-resolved structural variation of human genomesR01HG010169 · NHGRI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Evan Eichler · 2018 to 2026
$4.5M
NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG010169NIAID NIH HHS R24 AI138963
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (IGHC) domain of antibodies (Abs) is responsible for effector functions critical to immunity. This domain is encoded by genes in the IGHC locus, where descriptions of genomic diversity remain incomplete. We utilized long-read sequencing to build an IGHC haplotype/variant catalog from 105 individuals of diverse ancestry. We discovered uncharacterized single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and large structural variants (SVs; n = 7) representing new genes and alleles enriched for non-synonymous substitutions, highlighting potential functional effects. Of the 221 identified IGHC alleles, 192 were novel. SNV, SV, and gene allele/genotype frequencies revealed population differentiation, including (1) hundreds of SNVs in African and East Asian populations exceeding a fixation index (F

Indexed as

Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy ChainImmunoglobulin Constant RegionsImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsPolymorphism, Single NucleotideAfrican PeopleAllelesEast Asian PeopleGene FrequencyHaplotypesHumansImmunoglobulin Constant RegionsImmunoglobulin Heavy Chainsadaptive immunityevolutionary selectiongenetic diversityhaplotype variationIGHCIGHC allelesimmunoglobulin heavy chain constant regionlong-read sequencingstructural variants

Identifiers

PMID41151584
PMCPMC12926203

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.