ReviewToxics2025
Biomarkers of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Exposure: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical and Forensic Advances.
Review in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- An in-silico study to design CScientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid with both endogenous and exogenous origins, complicating its detection in clinical and forensic toxicology. Due to its rapid metabolism and short detection window in conventional biological matrices, identifying reliable biomarkers of GHB exposure is crucial. This literature review aims to assess current knowledge on potential GHB biomarkers that may extend the detection window or improve specificity. A systematic search of scientific databases was conducted to identify studies investigating GHB metabolites, conjugates, and related biochemical markers using advanced analytical techniques such as LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. The review highlights promising candidates, including glycolic acid, carnitin-GHB, and glycin-GHB, as well as 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, which show potential for distinguishing exogenous intake. However, significant interindividual variability and limited validation studies hinder their widespread implementation. Despite promising findings, further research is needed to confirm the specificity, stability, and reproducibility of these biomarkers. This review underscores the importance of developing standardized protocols to enhance GHB exposure detection in both clinical and forensic settings.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.