A Review on the Application of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environmental and Ecological Remediation.

Despite the immense potential in environmental remediation, the translation of magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) from laboratory innovations to practical, field-scale applications remains hindered by significant technical and environmental challenges. This is particularly evident in soil environments-which are inherently more complex than aquatic systems and have received comparatively less research attention. Beginning with an outline of the fundamental properties that make iron-based MNMs effective as adsorbents and catalysts for heavy metals and organic pollutants, this review systematically examines their core contaminant removal mechanisms. These include adsorption, catalytic degradation (e.g., via Fenton-like reactions), and magnetic recovery. However, the practical implementation of MNMs is constrained by several key limitations, such as particle agglomeration, oxidative instability, and reduced efficacy in multi-pollutant systems. More critically, major uncertainties persist regarding their long-term environmental fate and biocompatibility. In light of these challenges, we propose that future efforts should prioritize the rational design of stable, selective, and intelligent MNMs through advanced surface engineering and interdisciplinary collaboration.