Effects of Motion in Ultrashort Echo Time Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping for Musculoskeletal Imaging.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a powerful magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for assessing tissue composition in the human body. For imaging short-T2 tissues in the musculoskeletal (MSK) system, ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging plays a key role. However, UTE-based QSM (UTE-QSM) often involves repeated acquisitions, making it vulnerable to inter-scan motion. In this study, we investigate the effects of motion on UTE-QSM and introduce strategies to reduce motion-induced artifacts. Eight healthy male volunteers underwent UTE-QSM imaging of the knee joint, while an additional seven participated in imaging of the ankle joint. UTE-QSM was conducted using multiple echo acquisitions, including both UTE and gradient-recalled echoes, and processed using the iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) and morphology-enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) algorithms. To assess the impact of motion, datasets were reconstructed both with and without motion correction. Furthermore, we evaluated a two-step UTE-QSM approach that incorporates tissue boundary information. This method applies edge detection, excludes pixels near detected edges, and performs a two-step QSM reconstruction to reduce motion-induced streaking artifacts. In participants exhibiting substantial inter-scan motion, prominent streaking artifacts were evident. Applying motion registration markedly reduced these artifacts in both knee and ankle UTE-QSM. Additionally, the two-step UTE-QSM approach, which integrates tissue boundary information, further enhanced image quality by mitigating residual streaking artifacts. These results indicate that motion-induced errors near tissue boundaries play a key role in generating streaking artifacts in UTE-QSM. Inter-scan motion poses a fundamental challenge in UTE-QSM due to the need for multiple acquisitions. However, applying motion registration along with a two-step QSM approach that excludes tissue boundaries can effectively suppress motion-induced streaking artifacts, thereby improving the accuracy of musculoskeletal tissue characterization.