Non-Cognitive Predictors: Evidence and Implications for Academic Achievement and Cognitive Processing.

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Journal of Intelligence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Growth Mindset and Self-Perceived Adaptive Intelligence: A Structural Model of Motivation, Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Academic Adaptation.Journal of Intelligence · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Lazar StankovSchool of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-8823-2540

Jihyun LeeSchool of Education, The University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5896-0686

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This is a review of recent findings about the role of non-cognitive variables in predicting academic achievement. Many indices considered up until now, including the Big Five personality measures, have low predictability. This has been supported by the findings from previous TIMSS and PISA large-scale surveys and recent studies based on measures of Social and Emotional Skills. Socio-economic status remains a good predictor but also crucial are psychological measures of self-beliefs (self-efficacy, test anxiety, and confidence).

Indexed as

big five personalityconfidenceself-beliefsself-efficacysocial/emotional skillssocio-economic status (SES)test anxiety

Identifiers

PMID41149772

DOI10.3390/jintelligence13100133

PMCPMC12565084

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.