Multimodal Field-Driven Actuation in Bioinspired Robots: An Emerging Taxonomy and Roadmap Towards Hybrid Intelligence.

Jianping Wang, Xin Wang, Shuai Zhou, Gengbiao Chen

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jianping WangAdvanced Vocational Technical College, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 200437, China.

Xin WangCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.

Shuai ZhouCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.

Gengbiao ChenCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52175003the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China 2025JJ70123the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province 2024RC1054

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rigid-flexible coupled robots hold significant potential for operating in unstructured environments, but a systematic analysis of their actuation strategies across diverse physical fields is notably lacking in the literature. This review addresses this gap by introducing a novel taxonomy based on field-controlled evolutionary pathways-mechanical → electromagnetic → chemical → biohybrid-and critically examining over 100 seminal studies through a six-dimensional framework encompassing design, dynamics, and performance. We demonstrate that hybrid field integration (e.g., pneumatic-chemical synergy) improves grasping robustness by 40% in cluttered environments compared to single-field systems. Notably, biohybrid actuators, which integrate living cells, exhibit over 90% motion similarity to biological models, while phase-transition materials allow for adaptive stiffness tuning (0.1-5 N·mm

Indexed as

biohybrid actuationembodied intelligencemultifield couplingrigid–flexible couplingstiffness modulation

Identifiers

PMID41149243

DOI10.3390/biomimetics10100713

PMCPMC12564142

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.