Exemplar Learning and Memory Retrieval-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Engineering Applications.

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a bio-inspired stochastic optimization algorithm that simulates the foraging behavior of birds. Despite its simplicity and efficiency, PSO often suffers from premature convergence and a poor balance between exploration and exploitation. These drawbacks mainly arise from its limited learning sources and rigid position update scheme. To address these issues, this paper proposes an enhanced PSO framework, termed Exemplar Learning and Memory Retrieval-Based Particle Swarm Optimization (EMPSO). The design of EMPSO is inspired by the learning, memory, and adaptation mechanisms observed in biological collectives. It integrates three complementary strategies to improve swarm intelligence. First, an elite exemplar learning mechanism aggregates the positional information of top-performing particles to construct a more reliable guidance vector. Second, a memory recall strategy retains exemplars that have recently contributed to global improvements and reuses them probabilistically with a recency bias, thus enabling effective knowledge inheritance. Third, an adaptive position update scheme assigns exploration- or exploitation-oriented behaviors to particles based on fitness ranking, promoting dynamic role differentiation within the swarm. Comprehensive experiments on the CEC2017 and CEC2022 benchmark suites demonstrate that EMPSO consistently outperforms six representative algorithms. Furthermore, applications to three engineering design problems and the optimal PMU placement task verify its robustness and practical effectiveness.