ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Exploring Overall and Component Complexities via Relative Complexity Change and Interacting Complexity Amplitudes in the Kolmogorov Plane: A Case Study of U.S. Rivers.
Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
One of the most challenging tasks in studying streamflow is quantifying how the complexities of environmental and dynamic parameters contribute to the overall system complexity. To address this, we employed Kolmogorov complexity (KC) metrics, specifically the Kolmogorov complexity spectrum (KC spectrum) and the Kolmogorov complexity plane (KC plane). These measures were applied to monthly streamflow time series averaged across 1879 gauge stations on U.S. rivers over the period 1950-2015. The variables analyzed included streamflow as a complex physical system, along with its key components: temperature, precipitation, and the Lyapunov exponent (LEX), which represents river dynamics. Using these metrics, we calculated normalized KC spectra for each position within the KC plane, visualizing interactive master amplitudes alongside individual amplitudes on overlapping two-dimensional planes. We further computed the relative change in complexities (RCC) of the normalized master and individual components within the KC plane, ranging from 0 to 1 in defined intervals. Based on these results, we analyzed and discussed the complexity patterns of U.S. rivers corresponding to each interval of normalized amplitudes.
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