ArticleTargeted oncology2025
Real-World Outcomes of Ipilimumab Plus Nivolumab for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A National Population-Based Cohort Study.
Article in Targeted oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Real-World Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.Targeted oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Real-World Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review of Comparative Cohort Studies.Current oncology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Immunological Drug-Drug Interactions in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Artificial Intelligence.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionImmune checkpoint inhibitors are a standard first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab (ipi-nivo) widely recommended. However, real-world data on its use in Australia remain limited.
objectiveTo evaluate real-world outcomes of ipi-nivo for metastatic RCC in the Australian healthcare setting.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using nationally linked Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data and National Death Index records accessed via the Australian Bureau of Statistics DataLab. Patients initiating ipi-nivo for stage IV clear cell RCC between 1 July 2019 and 30 June 2023 were included. Kaplan-Meier analyses and multivariate Cox regression were used to estimate overall survival (OS) and time to treatment discontinuation (TTD). Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were inferred from incident dispensing of corticosteroids and levothyroxine. Subgroup analyses were performed by age (18-64 versus ≥ 65 years) and sex.
resultsAmong 1334 patients, median OS was 30.0 months with 12- and 24-month survival rates of 72.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 70.5-75.3) and 56.4% (95% CI 53.7-59.2), respectively. Median TTD was 4.9 months, and 38.5% of patients discontinued treatment during the induction phase. Incident corticosteroid and levothyroxine use occurred in 24.2% and 11.2% of patients, respectively. No significant differences in OS, TTD, or irAE proxies were observed by age or sex.
conclusionsIn this national, population-based study, real-world survival outcomes with ipi-nivo for metastatic RCC were shorter than those reported in clinical trials. These findings provide population-level benchmarks from a universal healthcare system and highlight the limitations of applying trial outcomes to unselected real-world populations. By contributing robust, large-scale data from routine practice, this study adds to the global evidence base and supports the integration of real-world data into clinical and policy decisions around immunotherapy.
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