ArticleCureus2025
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Smokers Versus Non-smokers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the significant causes of death worldwide, and smoking is a major causative factor of CVD pathogenesis. Smoking rates are high in Pakistan, and the related cardiovascular risks are concerning. The purpose of this study is to compare cardiovascular risk between smokers and non-smokers in a Pakistani population, addressing an under-researched context in cardiovascular health. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at hospitals in Sialkot from March to July 2025. Participants: A total of 300 participants were included, using convenience sampling. Demographic, smoking status, and cardiovascular health data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score (IHMRS) was employed to report cardiovascular risk. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.26, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression models. Results Of the sample, 190 (63%) were smokers and 110 (37%) were non-smokers. IHMRS scores were significantly higher (29.95 ± 3.10) in smokers than in non-smokers (26.85 ± 2.90) (p<0.001). The cardiovascular risk factors were closely linked to the number of cigarettes smoked per day and to the duration of smoking. The history of cardiovascular disease and family history of CVD were positively correlated with smoking intensity and duration (p<0.001). Conclusion Smoking significantly contributes to an increase in cardiovascular risk in Pakistan, and the cardiovascular risks of smokers are higher. The findings highlight the importance of specific population health measures, such as smoking cessation programs, to lessen the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.