ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
3D-printed GelMA-Alginate microsphere scaffold with staged dual-growth factor release for enhanced bone regeneration.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Regulating Cells Fate and Function to Facilitate Bone Regeneration via Designing Programmable Bio-Interactive Materials.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- 4D printed hydrogel scaffolds with shape morphing by near-infrared to promote bone regeneration through immune and vascular coupling.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- A novel PCL fiber membrane with a gradient structure for guided bone regeneration.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: From Swelling-Deswelling Mechanisms to Biomedical Applications.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mastoid Obliteration After Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy Using Tissue Engineering Approaches with Polymers, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Bioactive Molecules: A Systematic Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The process of bone regeneration is inherently complex, relying on the precise regulation of multiple growth factors. However, when bone defects exceed a critical size, this delicate regulatory balance is disrupted, severely hindering new bone formation. In this study, we developed a bioengineered scaffold with staged growth factor release capabilities to promote efficient bone repair, constructed by integrating gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with embedded alginate microspheres (AM). Through microfluidic technologies and 3D printing, AM were fabricated and integrated into the GelMA matrix to fabricate the composite scaffold, which not only maintains structural integrity but also enables gradient-controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). This design ensures uniform bioactivity of the printed constructs, optimizing conditions for bone regeneration. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the scaffold exhibited an initial burst release of VEGF, followed by a sustained, prolonged release of BMP-2 mimicking the natural sequential processes of tissue vascularization and subsequent osteogenesis. Upon
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