ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Efficacy of Cryogenic Particle Delivery in Enhancing Skin Penetration and Absorption.
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCryogenic particle delivery is a novel cryotherapy-based transdermal delivery system that converts liquid drugs into micro-ice-crystallised needles, which are propelled into the skin using a cryogenic CO
objectiveTo assess fluorescence intensity, penetration depth, and structural integrity in ex vivo human skin tissues treated with cryogenic particle delivery, MTS, or a combination of both.
methodsEx vivo human skin tissues were divided into four groups: untreated (Control), MTS alone (Control 1), MTS combined with cryogenic particle delivery (Control 2), and Picolitre ice particle delivery alone (Test Group). Fluorescence-labelled hyaluronic acid (HA-FITC) was applied, and fluorescence intensity and penetration depth were evaluated using confocal microscopy. Structural integrity was assessed through haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests (p < 0.05).
resultsFluorescence intensity increased significantly in all treated groups compared to the untreated control: by 279.06 (MTS alone), 492.81 (MTS + cryogenic particle delivery), and 251.88% (cryogenic particle delivery alone) (p < 0.05). Penetration depth also increased significantly: by 52.00 (MTS alone), 60.06 (MTS + cryogenic particle delivery), and 36.99% (Cryogenic particle delivery alone). H&E staining confirmed no structural damage in any group.
conclusionCryogenic particle delivery significantly enhances skin penetration and absorption, particularly when combined with MTS, demonstrating a synergistic effect. Its ability to deliver compounds safely and effectively highlights its potential as a transformative tool for therapeutic and cosmetic transdermal applications. Future in vivo studies are warranted to validate these findings and optimise its clinical applications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Indexed as
Identifiers
41145853What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.