Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41145831›Full record

Observational studySkeletal radiology2026

Magnetic resonance imaging features of axillary nerve injuries following glenohumeral dislocation: a retrospective observational cohort study.

Isaac Lui, Ali Naraghi, Jordan Farag, Laura Saenz Mesen, Heather Baltzer, Lawrence M White

Erratum issuedAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Skeletal radiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Evaluation of postoperative nerve root oedema and analysis of risk factors in unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy using the DESS sequence: preliminary results.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Isaac LuiDepartment of Medical Imaging, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, 4 Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1W7, Canada.
Ali NaraghiDepartment of Medical Imaging, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, 4 Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1W7, Canada.
Jordan FaragDepartment of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Third Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H2, Canada.
Laura Saenz MesenDepartment of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5 Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.
Heather BaltzerDepartment of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5 Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.
Lawrence M WhiteDepartment of Medical Imaging, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, 4 Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1W7, Canada. lawrence.white@uhn.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6670-1756

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo review MRI features of the axillary nerve in patients with clinical or MRI findings of axillary nerve dysfunction following glenohumeral dislocation and evaluate whether any MRI changes correlate with clinical axillary nerve function in follow-up.

methodsRetrospective observational cohort study of MRIs in patients with axillary nerve dysfunction following shoulder dislocation. MRIs assessed by two observers independently, using inter-class correlation Cohen's kappa analysis, for denervation edema (deltoid, teres minor), T2-signal, caliber changes, discontinuity, perineural edema, and anatomic site of axillary nerve changes. Demographics, clinical, and electromyography results are documented. MRI findings assessed for correlation to nerve function 6 months post-dislocation.

resultsThirty-seven patients (27 male, age range 17-71 years).years). The mean time interval from dislocation to MRI is 131 days. MRI findings are as follows: denervation edema (34/37), and increased T2-signal, caliber changes, disruption, or perineural edema (29/37). Nerve changes were most frequently observed anterior to the subscapularis or within the quadrilateral space. This later finding showed a significant association (p = 0.039) with non-improvement in nerve function. Twelve patients without clinically recognized axillary nerve dysfunction demonstrated MRI features of nerve injury (denervation edema 11/12, nerve changes 7/12). Twenty patients with clinically documented axillary nerve dysfunction demonstrated temporal recovery, while 5 showed no improvement 6 months post-dislocation.

conclusionsMRI changes of denervation edema and nerve increased T2-signal and thickening are common findings in patients with axillary nerve dysfunction following shoulder dislocation. Although limited by small numbers, a correlation was observed between axillary nerve changes within the quadrilateral space and nerve dysfunction 6 months post-injury.

Indexed as

AxillaMagnetic Resonance ImagingPeripheral Nerve InjuriesShoulder DislocationAdolescentAdultAgedCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesYoung AdultAxillary nerveDislocationMagnetic resonance imagingMRIMR neurographyPeripheral nerve injuryShoulder

Identifiers

PMID41145831

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.