ArticleArthritis care & research2026
The Renal Activity Index for Lupus Identifies Active Renal Disease and Treatment Response in Adult Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.
Article in Arthritis care & research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 3 Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of Anifrolumab in Adult Subjects With Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Anifrolumab in Adult Subjects With Active Proliferative Lupus Nephritis
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe evaluated the ability of the Renal Activity Index for Lupus (RAIL) to discriminate active lupus nephritis (LN) in adult patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and differentiate LN treatment response.
methodsUrine samples from adults with biopsy-proven active class III and IV LN from TULIP-LN (active LN group; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02547922) and adults with active, nonrenal SLE from TULIP-1 (active SLE group; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02446912) were used, and RAIL biomarkers (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, adiponectin, hemopexin, and ceruloplasmin) were measured in the urine at baseline for both studies and at weeks 12 and 24 for TULIP-LN only. The groups were compared at baseline, and changes in RAIL scores from baseline in the active LN group were compared between nonresponders and responders over time, ie, those with complete renal response (CRR), partial renal response (PRR), and urine protein-creatine ratio decrease ≥50% (UPCR50).
resultsAt baseline, median (interquartile range [IQR]) concentrations of RAIL biomarkers were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.02) in the active LN group (n = 128) versus the SLE control group (n = 48), as were RAIL scores (5.59 [IQR 4.31-6.47] vs 3.57 [IQR 2.78-4.47]; P < 0.001). At weeks 12 and 24, there were 25 and 31 patients with CRR, 39 and 54 patients with PRR, and 41 and 63 patients with UPCR50, respectively. Changes in RAIL scores from baseline to weeks 12 and 24 significantly differed between nonresponders and responders (PRR, CRR, UPCR50: all P < 0.0006), with lower scores in responders. For CRR versus non-response, median [IQR] RAIL scores decreased by -1.3 (-3.64 to -0.21) versus -0.39 at week 12, and -2.30 (-3.63 to -1.03) versus -0.88 (-2.20 to 0.33) at week 24, respectively.
conclusionsThe RAIL identifies active LN and longitudinally differentiates treatment response in adults with LN.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.