Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41142567›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025

Tunneling nanotubes provide a new route for bovine viral diarrhea virus spreading.

Jiying Yin, Zehui Zhou, Ning He, Hongming Zhou, Xiaoqun Liu, Yixing Zhao, Longge Zhao, Jiating Zhang, Yanan Zhu, Ying Zong and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jiying YinCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Zehui ZhouCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Ning HeCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Hongming ZhouCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Xiaoqun LiuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Yixing ZhaoCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Longge ZhaoCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Jiating ZhangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Yanan ZhuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Ying ZongCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Naichao DiaoCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Kun ShiCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Rui DuCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the major pathogens currently endangering the world's cattle industry. It poses serious difficulties in prevention and treatment because it can infect cattle of all ages and the specific mechanism of its cell-to-cell transmission has not yet been fully clarified. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are F-actin-rich tubules that connect to the cytoplasm of nearby cells. They have been found to play an important role in the transmission of several viruses, but studies on BVDV in TNTs have not been reported. Methods: Firstly, the transwell assay was employed to investigate the transmission routes of BVDV and its capacity to propagate via intercellular junctional structures in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Secondly, preliminary characterization of these junctional structures was conducted through pharmacological intervention experiments using the microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel, the microtubule disruptor nocodazole, the F-actin disruptors cyclosporine D and spongiosin A, and the gap junction blocker glycine. Subsequently, we validated the composition, spatial positioning, microscopic morphology, and generation characteristics of intercellular junctional structures following BVDV infection. Finally, iSTORM and live-cell fluorescence dynamic imaging techniques, we observed the transmission of BVDV viral particles through TNTs. Results: Transwell assays demonstrated that BVDV can be transmitted via direct intercellular contact, a mode of transmission unaffected by neutralizing antibodies. Pharmacological studies revealed that only the F-actin disruptors spongin A and cell relaxin D inhibited the formation of this structure, preliminarily identifying it as a tunnel nanotube. Validation experiments confirmed that the composition, spatial orientation, microstructure, and formation direction of this connecting structure align with tunneling nanotube characteristics, further substantiating its identity as TNTs. iSTORM and live-cell fluorescence dynamic imaging revealed that BVDV particles can traverse TNTs to complete intercellular infection. Discussion: We first report that BVDV can induce the formation of tunneling nanotubes and exploits this route to spread to uninfected cells. Our data highlight a previously unknown route of BVDV spreading, which could have significant implications for celler transmission and immune evasion.

Indexed as

bovine viral diarrhea virusceller transmissionF-actinimmune evasiontunneling nanotubes

Identifiers

PMID41142567
PMCPMC12550282

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.