ReviewResuscitation plus2025
The use of expired resuscitation medications for life-threatening first aid conditions: a systematic search and narrative review.
Review in Resuscitation plus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: First aid providers may encounter life-threatening conditions requiring treatment with medications. Given that resuscitation medications in first aid kits may be administered infrequently, first aid providers may face situations where only expired medications are available. Objective: This systematic search with a narrative review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of expired life-saving medications commonly used in first aid. Methods: We conducted a search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library (inception-April 2025) for studies regarding expired albuterol, epinephrine, aspirin, or naloxone. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text reviews to determine eligibility. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies evaluating expired medications' potency and safety. Data extraction focused on study design, population, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and key findings. Results: After deduplication, 1398 records were screened, and 17 studies met inclusion criteria: albuterol ( Conclusions: Under individual study conditions, the evaluated expired first aid medications maintained active drug and were largely free of harmful byproducts beyond their labeled expiration dates. Scientific and ethical principles may suggest possible benefits from expired medications in emergency settings when alternatives are unavailable.
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Registered trials
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