ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025
Quantifying Antimicrobial Disposals at Six Community Pharmacies With Longitudinal Medication Disposal Programs: An Underappreciated Component of a One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Stewardship.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reframing Antimicrobial Stewardship as Systems Governance: Aligning Regulation, Diagnostics, Antibiotic Use Measurement, and Surveillance to Address Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Planetary Health and Infectious Diseases.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Practices on Household Disposal of Unused Antimicrobials in Ho Municipality, Ghana.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Unused, unwanted, and expired (UUE) medications, including antibiotics, pose a risk to our patients, their families, and our environment. A One Health approach to antimicrobial stewardship calls for stewards to recognize the interconnection between humans and our shared environment. The aims of this project were 2-fold: (1) to educate community members about the importance of responsible medication disposal and (2) to quantify the UUE medications returned to community pharmacies. Methods: Medication disposal programs were established at several community pharmacies in central North Carolina. Periodically, pharmacy school faculty and students visited the participating pharmacies to identify, quantify, and dispose of all UUE medication returns. Medications were deactivated using a Deterra Multi-purpose or Rx Destroyer All-purpose Disposal System and disposed of in accordance with product instructions and applicable laws and regulations. Results: Between November 2021 and May 2023, 6 community pharmacies maintained longitudinal medication disposal programs. In total, 144 084 UUE prescription medication tablets/capsules containing ∼19.3 kg of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) were disposed of. Antimicrobials accounted for 2.6% of all tablets/capsules and nearly 1.3 kg (6.6%) of APIs. The most disposed antibiotics were doxycycline, amoxicillin, clindamycin, cephalexin, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: In this geographically limited study, nearly 1.3 kg of antimicrobial API was disposed of in a span of 1.5 years. Recognizing antimicrobial disposal as an important component of a One Health approach to antimicrobial stewardship, with the goal of expanding these efforts, may influence antimicrobial resistance in our environment.
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