ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025
Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Maternal Antibody Interference and Hybrid Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Young Children.Research square · 2026Article
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13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Safe and effective vaccines are a key preventative measure to protect infants from SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. Although mRNA vaccines induce robust antibody titers in infants, little is known about the quality of CD4 T-cell responses induced by vaccination. CD4 T-cell responses are important in orchestrating coordinated immune responses during infection and may help to limit disease severity. Methods: To characterize the CD4 T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in infants, we sampled blood from 13 infants before and after primary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series; samples from 12 historical vaccinated adults were used for comparisons. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with spike peptide pools, and the ability of CD4 T-cells to secrete Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines was quantified. Measures of polyfunctionality were generated with the COMPASS algorithm. Results: We observed a significant increase in CD4 T-cells producing IL-2 (0.01% vs 0.08%, Conclusions: These data suggest that infants have restricted induction of cytokine-producing CD4 T-cells following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination relative to adults.
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Registered trials
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