ArticleBMJ public health2025
Proportion of cancer attributable to modifiable factors in the Netherlands in 2019: a secondary data analysis.
Article in BMJ public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Objective: To assess contributions of 22 risk factors (each related to life style, diet, reproduction, environment or infection) to the incidence of all cancer cases. Design: Secondary data analysis, reference year 2019. Independence of risk factors was assumed. Setting: The Netherlands, nationwide. Population: Dutch men and women, ages >30 years. Main outcome measures: Population attributable fractions and numbers of newly diagnosed cancers by gender. Results: Of all newly diagnosed cancers, an estimated 34% (40 054 out of 119 728 cancers, excluding basal cell carcinoma of the skin) was attributable to the evaluated risk factors (35% in men, 32% in women). Among these factors, smoking was by far the largest contributor, accounting for 16% of all cancers (19 095 cases), followed by the combined impact of dietary factors (5%, 6 452 cases) and overweight and obesity (4%, 4995 cases). Limited data on basal and squamous cell carcinoma led to an underestimation of the burden of ultraviolet radiation. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of cancer cases arises from potentially modifiable risk factors. Implementation of effective public health strategies to reduce exposures is crucial to alleviate the future burden of cancer.
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